਀吀栀攀 搀椀猀挀漀瘀攀爀礀 漀昀 琀栀攀 爀愀搀椀漀愀挀琀椀瘀椀琀礀 漀昀 挀攀爀琀愀椀渀 栀攀愀瘀礀 攀氀攀洀攀渀琀猀 琀漀眀愀爀搀猀 琀栀攀 攀渀搀 漀昀 氀愀猀琀 挀攀渀琀甀爀礀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 攀渀猀甀椀渀最 搀攀瘀攀氀漀瀀洀攀渀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 瀀栀礀猀椀挀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 愀琀漀洀椀挀 渀甀挀氀攀甀猀Ⰰ 氀攀搀 琀漀 琀栀攀 椀渀琀爀漀搀甀挀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀眀漀 渀攀眀 昀漀爀挀攀猀 漀爀 椀渀琀攀爀愀挀琀椀漀渀猀㨀 琀栀攀 猀琀爀漀渀最 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 眀攀愀欀 渀甀挀氀攀愀爀 昀漀爀挀攀猀⸀ 唀渀氀椀欀攀 最爀愀瘀椀琀愀琀椀漀渀 愀渀搀 攀氀攀挀琀爀漀洀愀最渀攀琀椀猀洀 琀栀攀猀攀 昀漀爀挀攀猀 愀挀琀 漀渀氀礀 愀琀 瘀攀爀礀 猀栀漀爀琀 搀椀猀琀愀渀挀攀猀Ⰰ 漀昀 琀栀攀 漀爀搀攀爀 漀昀 渀甀挀氀攀愀爀 搀椀愀洀攀琀攀爀猀 漀爀 氀攀猀猀⸀ 圀栀椀氀攀 琀栀攀 猀琀爀漀渀最 椀渀琀攀爀愀挀琀椀漀渀 欀攀攀瀀猀 瀀爀漀琀漀渀猀 愀渀搀 渀攀甀琀爀漀渀猀 琀漀最攀琀栀攀爀 椀渀 琀栀攀 渀甀挀氀攀甀猀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 眀攀愀欀 椀渀琀攀爀愀挀琀椀漀渀 挀愀甀猀攀猀 琀栀攀 猀漀ⴀ挀愀氀氀攀搀 爀愀搀椀漀愀挀琀椀瘀攀 戀攀琀愀ⴀ搀攀挀愀礀⸀ 吀栀攀 琀礀瀀椀挀愀氀 瀀爀漀挀攀猀猀 椀猀 琀栀攀 搀攀挀愀礀 漀昀 琀栀攀 渀攀甀琀爀漀渀㨀 琀栀攀 渀攀甀琀爀漀渀Ⰰ 眀椀琀栀 挀栀愀爀最攀 稀攀爀漀Ⰰ 椀猀 琀爀愀渀猀昀漀爀洀攀搀 椀渀琀漀 愀 瀀漀猀椀琀椀瘀攀氀礀 挀栀愀爀最攀搀 瀀爀漀琀漀渀Ⰰ 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 攀洀椀猀猀椀漀渀 漀昀 愀 渀攀最愀琀椀瘀攀氀礀 挀栀愀爀最攀搀 攀氀攀挀琀爀漀渀 愀渀搀 愀 渀攀甀琀爀愀氀Ⰰ 洀愀猀猀氀攀猀猀 瀀愀爀琀椀挀氀攀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 渀攀甀琀爀椀渀漀⸀ ਀䄀氀琀栀漀甀最栀 琀栀攀 眀攀愀欀 椀渀琀攀爀愀挀琀椀漀渀 椀猀 洀甀挀栀 眀攀愀欀攀爀 琀栀愀渀 戀漀琀栀 琀栀攀 猀琀爀漀渀最 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 攀氀攀挀琀爀漀洀愀最渀攀琀椀挀 椀渀琀攀爀愀挀琀椀漀渀猀Ⰰ 椀琀 椀猀 漀昀 最爀攀愀琀 椀洀瀀漀爀琀愀渀挀攀 椀渀 洀愀渀礀 挀漀渀渀攀挀琀椀漀渀猀⸀ 吀栀攀 愀挀琀甀愀氀 猀琀爀攀渀最琀栀 漀昀 琀栀攀 眀攀愀欀 椀渀琀攀爀愀挀琀椀漀渀 椀猀 愀氀猀漀 漀昀 猀椀最渀椀昀椀挀愀渀挀攀⸀ 吀栀攀 攀渀攀爀最礀 漀昀 琀栀攀 猀甀渀Ⰰ 愀氀氀ⴀ椀洀瀀漀爀琀愀渀琀 昀漀爀 氀椀昀攀 漀渀 攀愀爀琀栀Ⰰ 椀猀 瀀爀漀搀甀挀攀搀 眀栀攀渀 栀礀搀爀漀最攀渀 昀甀猀攀猀 漀爀 戀甀爀渀猀 椀渀琀漀 栀攀氀椀甀洀 椀渀 愀 挀栀愀椀渀 漀昀 渀甀挀氀攀愀爀 爀攀愀挀琀椀漀渀猀 漀挀挀甀爀爀椀渀最 椀渀 琀栀攀 椀渀琀攀爀椀漀爀 漀昀 琀栀攀 猀甀渀⸀ 吀栀攀 昀椀爀猀琀 爀攀愀挀琀椀漀渀 椀渀 琀栀椀猀 挀栀愀椀渀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 琀爀愀渀猀昀漀爀洀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 栀礀搀爀漀最攀渀 椀渀琀漀 栀攀愀瘀礀 栀礀搀爀漀最攀渀 ⠀搀攀甀琀攀爀椀甀洀⤀Ⰰ 椀猀 挀愀甀猀攀搀 戀礀 琀栀攀 眀攀愀欀 昀漀爀挀攀⸀ 圀椀琀栀漀甀琀 琀栀椀猀 昀漀爀挀攀 猀漀氀愀爀 攀渀攀爀最礀 瀀爀漀搀甀挀琀椀漀渀 眀漀甀氀搀 渀漀琀 戀攀 瀀漀猀猀椀戀氀攀⸀ 䄀最愀椀渀Ⰰ 栀愀搀 琀栀攀 眀攀愀欀 昀漀爀挀攀 戀攀攀渀 洀甀挀栀 猀琀爀漀渀最攀爀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 氀椀昀攀 猀瀀愀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 猀甀渀 眀漀甀氀搀 栀愀瘀攀 戀攀攀渀 琀漀漀 猀栀漀爀琀 昀漀爀 氀椀昀攀 琀漀 栀愀瘀攀 栀愀搀 琀椀洀攀 琀漀 攀瘀漀氀瘀攀 漀渀 愀渀礀 瀀氀愀渀攀琀⸀ 吀栀攀 眀攀愀欀 椀渀琀攀爀愀挀琀椀漀渀 昀椀渀搀猀 瀀爀愀挀琀椀挀愀氀 愀瀀瀀氀椀挀愀琀椀漀渀 椀渀 琀栀攀 爀愀搀椀漀愀挀琀椀瘀攀 攀氀攀洀攀渀琀猀 甀猀攀搀 椀渀 洀攀搀椀挀椀渀攀 愀渀搀 琀攀挀栀渀漀氀漀最礀Ⰰ 眀栀椀挀栀 愀爀攀 椀渀 最攀渀攀爀愀氀 戀攀琀愀ⴀ爀愀搀椀漀愀挀琀椀瘀攀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀 戀攀琀愀ⴀ搀攀挀愀礀 漀昀 愀 挀愀爀戀漀渀 椀猀漀琀漀瀀攀 椀渀琀漀 渀椀琀爀漀最攀渀Ⰰ 眀栀椀挀栀 椀猀 琀栀攀 戀愀猀椀猀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 挀愀爀戀漀渀ⴀ㄀㐀 洀攀琀栀漀搀 昀漀爀 搀愀琀椀渀最 漀昀 漀爀最愀渀椀挀 愀爀挀栀愀攀漀氀漀最椀挀愀氀 爀攀洀愀椀渀猀⸀

਀吀栀攀漀爀椀攀猀 漀昀 眀攀愀欀 椀渀琀攀爀愀挀琀椀漀渀

਀䄀 昀椀爀猀琀 琀栀攀漀爀礀 漀爀 眀攀愀欀 椀渀琀攀爀愀挀琀椀漀渀 眀愀猀 瀀甀琀 昀漀爀眀愀爀搀 愀氀爀攀愀搀礀 椀渀 ㄀㤀㌀㐀 戀礀 琀栀攀 䤀琀愀氀椀愀渀 瀀栀礀猀椀挀椀猀琀 䘀攀爀洀椀⸀ 䠀漀眀攀瘀攀爀Ⰰ 愀 猀愀琀椀猀昀愀挀琀漀爀礀 搀攀猀挀爀椀瀀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 眀攀愀欀 椀渀琀攀爀愀挀琀椀漀渀 戀攀琀眀攀攀渀 瀀愀爀琀椀挀氀攀猀 愀琀 氀漀眀 攀渀攀爀最礀 挀漀甀氀搀 戀攀 最椀瘀攀渀 漀渀氀礀 愀昀琀攀爀 琀栀攀 搀椀猀挀漀瘀攀爀礀 椀渀 ㄀㤀㔀㘀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 眀攀愀欀 昀漀爀挀攀 搀椀昀昀攀爀猀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 漀琀栀攀爀 昀漀爀挀攀猀 椀渀 渀漀琀 戀攀椀渀最 爀攀昀氀攀挀琀椀漀渀 猀礀洀洀攀琀爀椀挀㬀 椀渀 漀琀栀攀爀 眀漀爀搀猀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 眀攀愀欀 昀漀爀挀攀 洀愀欀攀猀 愀 搀椀猀琀椀渀挀琀椀漀渀 戀攀琀眀攀攀渀 氀攀昀琀 愀渀搀 爀椀最栀琀⸀ 䄀氀琀栀漀甀最栀 琀栀椀猀 琀栀攀漀爀礀 眀愀猀 瘀愀氀椀搀 漀渀氀礀 昀漀爀 氀漀眀 攀渀攀爀最椀攀猀 愀渀搀 琀栀甀猀 栀愀搀 愀 爀攀猀琀爀椀挀琀攀搀 搀漀洀愀椀渀 漀昀 瘀愀氀椀搀椀琀礀Ⰰ 椀琀 猀甀最最攀猀琀攀搀 愀 挀攀爀琀愀椀渀 欀椀渀猀栀椀瀀 戀攀琀眀攀攀渀 琀栀攀 眀攀攀欀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 攀氀攀挀琀爀漀洀愀最渀攀琀椀挀 椀渀琀攀爀愀挀琀椀漀渀猀⸀ ਀䤀渀 愀 猀攀爀椀攀猀 漀昀 猀攀瀀愀爀愀琀攀 眀漀爀欀猀 椀渀 琀栀攀 ㄀㤀㘀　✀猀 琀栀椀猀 礀攀愀爀✀猀 一漀戀攀氀 倀爀椀稀攀 眀椀渀渀攀爀猀Ⰰ 䜀氀愀猀栀漀眀Ⰰ 匀愀氀愀洀 愀渀搀 圀攀椀渀戀攀爀最 搀攀瘀攀氀漀瀀攀搀 愀 琀栀攀漀爀礀 眀栀椀挀栀 椀猀 愀瀀瀀氀椀挀愀戀氀攀 愀氀猀漀 愀琀 栀椀最栀攀爀 攀渀攀爀最椀攀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 眀栀椀挀栀 愀琀 琀栀攀 猀愀洀攀 琀椀洀攀 甀渀椀昀椀攀猀 琀栀攀 眀攀愀欀 愀渀搀 攀氀攀挀琀爀漀洀愀最渀攀琀椀挀 椀渀琀攀爀愀挀琀椀漀渀猀 椀渀 愀 挀漀洀洀漀渀 昀漀爀洀愀氀椀猀洀⸀ 䜀氀愀猀栀漀眀⸀ 匀愀氀愀洀 愀渀搀 圀攀椀渀戀攀爀最 猀琀愀爀琀攀搀 Ⰰ昀爀漀洀 攀愀爀氀椀攀爀 挀漀渀琀爀椀戀甀琀椀漀渀猀 戀礀 漀琀栀攀爀⸀ 猀挀椀攀渀琀椀猀琀猀⸀ 伀昀 猀瀀攀挀椀愀氀 椀洀瀀漀爀琀愀渀挀攀 眀愀猀 愀 最攀渀攀爀愀氀椀稀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 猀漀ⴀ挀愀氀氀攀搀 最愀甀最攀 瀀爀椀渀挀椀瀀氀攀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 搀攀猀挀爀椀瀀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 攀氀攀挀琀爀漀洀愀最渀攀琀椀挀 椀渀琀攀爀愀挀琀椀漀渀⸀ 吀栀椀猀 最攀渀攀爀愀氀椀稀愀琀椀漀渀 眀愀猀 眀漀爀欀攀搀 漀甀琀 愀爀漀甀渀搀 琀栀攀 洀椀搀搀氀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 ㄀㤀㔀　✀猀 戀礀 夀愀渀最 愀渀搀 䴀椀氀氀猀 椀渀 唀匀䄀⸀ 䄀昀琀攀爀 琀栀攀 昀甀渀搀愀洀攀渀琀愀氀 眀漀爀欀 椀渀 琀栀攀 ㄀㤀㘀　✀猀 琀栀攀 琀栀攀漀爀礀 栀愀猀 戀攀攀渀 昀甀爀琀栀攀爀 搀攀瘀攀氀漀瀀攀搀⸀ 䄀渀 椀洀瀀漀爀琀愀渀琀 挀漀渀琀爀椀戀甀琀椀漀渀 眀愀猀 洀愀搀攀 椀渀 ㄀㤀㜀㄀ 戀礀 琀栀攀 礀漀甀渀最 䐀甀琀挀栀 瀀栀礀猀椀挀椀猀琀 瘀愀渀✀琀 䠀漀漀昀琀⸀ ਀吀栀攀 琀栀攀漀爀礀 瀀爀攀搀椀挀琀猀 愀洀漀渀最 漀琀栀攀爀 琀栀椀渀最猀 琀栀攀 攀砀椀猀琀攀渀挀攀 漀昀 愀 渀攀眀 琀礀瀀攀 漀昀 眀攀愀欀 椀渀琀攀爀愀挀琀椀漀渀Ⰰ 椀渀 眀栀椀挀栀 琀栀攀 爀攀愀挀琀椀渀最 瀀愀爀琀椀挀氀攀猀 搀漀 渀漀琀 挀栀愀渀最攀 琀栀攀椀爀 挀栀愀爀最攀猀⸀ 吀栀椀猀 戀攀栀愀瘀椀漀甀爀 椀猀 猀椀洀椀氀愀爀 琀漀 眀栀愀琀 栀愀瀀瀀攀渀猀 椀渀 琀栀攀 攀氀攀挀琀爀漀洀愀最渀攀琀椀挀 椀渀琀攀爀愀挀琀椀漀渀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 漀渀攀 猀愀礀猀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 椀渀琀攀爀愀挀琀椀漀渀 瀀爀漀挀攀攀搀猀 瘀椀愀 愀 渀攀甀琀爀愀氀 挀甀爀爀攀渀琀⸀ 伀渀攀 猀栀漀甀氀搀 挀漀渀琀爀愀猀琀 琀栀椀猀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 戀攀琀愀ⴀ搀攀挀愀礀 漀昀 琀栀攀 渀攀甀琀爀漀渀Ⰰ 眀栀攀爀攀 琀栀攀 挀栀愀爀最攀 椀猀 愀氀琀攀爀攀搀 眀栀攀渀 琀栀攀 渀攀甀琀爀漀渀 椀猀 挀栀愀渀最攀搀 椀渀琀漀 愀 瀀爀漀琀漀渀⸀

਀䘀椀爀猀琀 漀戀猀攀爀瘀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 眀攀愀欀 渀攀甀琀爀愀氀 挀甀爀爀攀渀琀

਀吀栀攀 昀椀爀猀琀 漀戀猀攀爀瘀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 愀渀 攀昀昀攀挀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 渀攀眀 琀礀瀀攀 漀昀 眀攀愀欀 椀渀琀攀爀愀挀琀椀漀渀 眀愀猀 洀愀搀攀 椀渀 ㄀㤀㜀㌀ 愀琀 琀栀攀 䔀甀爀漀瀀攀愀渀 渀甀挀氀攀愀爀 爀攀猀攀愀爀挀栀 氀愀戀漀爀愀琀漀爀礀Ⰰ 䌀䔀刀一Ⰰ 椀渀 䜀攀渀攀瘀愀 椀渀 愀渀 攀砀瀀攀爀椀洀攀渀琀 眀栀攀爀攀 渀甀挀氀攀椀 眀攀爀攀 戀漀洀戀愀爀搀攀搀 眀椀琀栀 愀 戀攀愀洀 漀昀 渀攀甀琀爀椀渀漀猀⸀ 匀椀渀挀攀 琀栀攀渀 愀 猀攀爀椀攀猀 漀昀 渀攀甀琀爀椀渀漀 攀砀瀀攀爀椀洀攀渀琀猀 愀琀 䌀䔀刀一 愀渀搀 愀琀 琀栀攀 䘀攀爀洀椀 䰀愀戀漀爀愀琀漀爀礀 渀攀愀爀 䌀栀椀挀愀最漀 栀愀瘀攀 最椀瘀攀渀 爀攀猀甀氀琀猀 椀渀 最漀漀搀 愀最爀攀攀洀攀渀琀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀漀爀礀⸀ 伀琀栀攀爀 氀愀戀漀爀愀琀漀爀椀攀猀 栀愀瘀攀 愀氀猀漀 洀愀搀攀 猀甀挀挀攀猀猀昀甀氀 琀攀猀琀猀 漀昀 攀昀昀攀挀琀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 眀攀愀欀 渀攀甀琀爀愀氀 挀甀爀爀攀渀琀 椀渀琀攀爀愀挀琀椀漀渀⸀ 伀昀 猀瀀攀挀椀愀氀 椀渀琀攀爀攀猀琀 椀猀 愀 爀攀猀甀氀琀Ⰰ 瀀甀戀氀椀猀栀攀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀 猀甀洀洀攀爀 漀昀 ㄀㤀㜀㠀Ⰰ 漀昀 愀渀 攀砀瀀攀爀椀洀攀渀琀 愀琀 琀栀攀 攀氀攀挀琀爀漀渀 愀挀挀攀氀攀爀愀琀漀爀 愀琀 匀䰀䄀䌀 椀渀 匀琀愀渀昀漀爀搀Ⰰ 唀匀䄀⸀ 䤀渀 琀栀椀猀 攀砀瀀攀爀椀洀攀渀琀 琀栀攀 猀挀愀琀琀攀爀椀渀最 漀昀 栀椀最栀 攀渀攀爀最礀 攀氀攀挀琀爀漀渀猀 漀渀 搀攀甀琀攀爀椀甀洀 渀甀挀氀攀椀 眀愀猀 猀琀甀搀椀攀搀 愀渀搀 愀渀 攀昀昀攀挀琀 搀甀攀 琀漀 愀 搀椀爀攀挀琀 椀渀琀攀爀瀀氀愀礀 戀攀琀眀攀攀渀 琀栀攀 攀氀攀挀琀爀漀渀洀愀最渀攀琀椀挀 愀渀搀 眀攀愀欀 瀀愀爀琀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 甀渀椀昀椀攀搀 椀渀琀攀爀愀挀琀椀漀渀 挀漀甀氀搀 戀攀 漀戀猀攀爀瘀攀搀⸀

਀䤀渀琀攀爀愀挀琀椀漀渀 挀愀爀爀椀攀搀 戀礀 瀀愀爀琀椀挀氀攀猀

਀䄀渀 椀洀瀀漀爀琀愀渀琀 挀漀渀猀攀焀甀攀渀挀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 琀栀攀漀爀礀 椀猀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 眀攀愀欀 椀渀琀攀爀愀挀琀椀漀渀 椀猀 挀愀爀爀椀攀搀 戀礀 瀀愀爀琀椀挀氀攀猀 栀愀瘀椀渀最 猀漀洀攀 瀀爀漀瀀攀爀琀椀攀猀 椀渀 挀漀洀洀漀渀 ⴀ 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 瀀栀漀琀漀渀Ⰰ 眀栀椀挀栀 挀愀爀爀椀攀猀 琀栀攀 攀氀攀挀琀爀漀洀愀最渀攀琀椀挀 椀渀琀攀爀愀挀琀椀漀渀 戀攀琀眀攀攀渀 挀栀愀爀最攀搀 瀀愀爀琀椀挀氀攀猀⸀ 吀栀攀猀攀 猀漀ⴀ挀愀氀氀攀搀 眀攀愀欀 瘀攀挀琀漀爀 戀漀猀漀渀猀 搀椀昀昀攀爀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 洀愀猀猀氀攀猀猀 瀀栀漀琀漀渀 瀀爀椀洀愀爀椀氀礀 戀礀 栀愀瘀椀渀最 愀 氀愀爀最攀 洀愀猀猀㬀 琀栀椀猀 挀漀爀爀攀猀瀀漀渀搀猀 琀漀 琀栀攀 猀栀漀爀琀 爀愀渀最攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 眀攀愀欀 椀渀琀攀爀愀挀琀椀漀渀⸀ 吀栀攀 琀栀攀漀爀礀 瀀爀攀搀椀挀琀猀 洀愀猀猀攀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 漀爀搀攀爀 漀昀 漀渀攀 栀甀渀搀爀攀搀 瀀爀漀琀漀渀 洀愀猀猀攀猀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 琀漀搀愀礀✀猀 瀀愀爀琀椀挀氀攀 愀挀挀攀氀攀爀愀琀漀爀猀 愀爀攀 渀漀琀 瀀漀眀攀爀昀甀氀 攀渀漀甀最栀 琀漀 戀攀 愀戀氀攀 琀漀 瀀爀漀搀甀挀攀 琀栀攀猀攀 瀀愀爀琀椀挀氀攀猀⸀ ਀ ਀ ਀㰀⼀瀀㸀 ਀ ਀ My parents, Lewis Glashow and Bella née Rubin immigrated to New York City from Bobruisk in the early years of this century. Here they found the freedom and opportunity denied to Jews in Czarist Russia. After years of struggle, my father became a successful plumber, and his family could then enjoy the comforts of the middle class. While my parents never had the time or money to secure university education themselves, they were adamant that their children should. In comfort and in love, we were taught the joys of knowledge and of work well done. I only regret that neither my mother nor my father could live to see the day I would accept the Nobel Prize.਀ When I was born in Manhattan in 1932, my brothers Samuel and Jules were eighteen and fourteen years old. They chose careers of dentistry and medicine, to my parents' satisfaction. From an early age, I knew I would become a scientist. It may have been my brother Sam's doing. He interested me in the laws of falling bodies when I was ten, and helped my father equip a basement chemistry lab for me when I was fifteen. I became skilled in the synthesis of selenium halides. Never again would I do such dangerous research. Except for the occasional suggestion that I should become a physician and do science in my spare time, my parents always encouraged my scientific inclinations.਀

Among my chums at the Bronx High School of Science were Gary Feinberg and Steven Weinberg. We spurred one another to learn physics while commuting on the New York subway. Another classmate, Dan Greenberger, taught me calculus in the school lunchroom. High-school mathematics then terminated with solid geometry. At Cornell University, I again had the good fortune to join a talented class. It included the mathematician Daniel Kleitman who was to become my brother-in-law, my old classmate Steven Weinberg, and many others who were to become prominent scientists. Throughout my formal education, I would learn as much from my peers as from my teachers. So it is today among our graduate students.਀

I came to graduate school at Harvard University in 1954. My thesis supervisor, Julian Schwinger, had about a dozen doctoral students at a time. Getting his ear was as difficult as it was rewarding. I called my thesis "The Vector Meson in Elementary Particle Decays", and it showed an early commitment to an electroweak synthesis. When I completed my work in 1958, Schwinger and I were to write a paper summarizing our thoughts on weak-electromagnetic unification. Alas, one of us lost the first draft of the manuscript, and that was that.਀

I won an NSF postdoctoral fellowship, and planned to work at the Lebedev Institute in Moscow with I. Tamm, who enthusiastically supported my proposal. I spent the tenure of my fellowship in Copenhagen at the Niels Bohr Institute (and, partly, at CERN), waiting for the Russian visa that was never to come. Perhaps all was for the best, because it was in these years (1958-60) that I discovered the SU(2) x U(1) structure of the electroweak theory. Interestingly, it was also in Copenhagen that my early work on charm with Bjorken was done. This was during a brief return to Denmark in 1964.਀ During my stay in Europe, I was "discovered" by Murray Gell-Mann. He presented my ideas on the algebraic structure of weak interactions to the 1960 "Rochester meeting" and brought me to Caltech. Then, he invented the eightfold way, which kept Sidney Coleman and me distracted for several years. How we found various electromagnetic formulae, yet missed the discovery of the Gell-Mann-Okubo formula and of the Cabibbo current is another story.਀

I became an assistant professor at Stanford University and then spent several years on the faculty of the University of California at Berkeley. During this time, I continued to exploit the phenomenological successes of flavor SU(3) and attempted to understand the departures from exact symmetry as a consequence of spontane23ous symmetry breakdown. I returned to Harvard University in 1966 where I have remained except for leaves to CERN, MIT, and the University of Marseilles. Today, I am Eugene Higgins Professor of Physics at Harvard.਀

In 1969, John Iliopoulos and Luciano Maiani came to Harvard as research fellows. Together, we found the arguments that predicted the existence of charmed hadrons. Much of my later work was done in collaboration with Alvaro de Rujúla or Howard Georgi. In early 1974, we predicted that charm would be discovered in neutrino physics or in e+ e- annihilation. So it was. With the discovery of the J/Psi particle, we realized that many diverse strands of research were converging on a single theory of physics. I remember once saying to Howard that if QCD is so good, it should explain the Sigma-Lambda mass splitting. The next day he showed that it did. When we spoke, in 1974, of the unification of all elementary particle forces within a simple gauge group, and of the predicted instability of the proton, we were regarded as mad. How things change!਀ The wild ideas of yesterday quickly become today's dogma. This year I have been honored to participate in the inauguration of the Harvard Core Curriculum Program. My students are not, and will never be, scientists. Nonetheless, in my course "From Alchemy to Quarks" they seem to be as fascinated as I am by the strange story of the search for the ultimate constituents of matter.਀ I was married in 1972 to the former Joan Alexander. We live in a large old house with our four children, who attend the Brookline public schools.਀ ਀ ਀